Chapter 13

• Qing dynasty China penetrated deep into Inner Asia, doubling the country size. 

• Aside from Colombus, The Spanish wanted to focus on the Carribean to build their empires. 

•  European innovations: Mapmaking, navigation, sailing techniques, and ship design. 

• The European innovations were built off the Chinese, Mediterranean, and Indian Ocean models. 

• Persecuted minorities are in the search of a new life. 

• Europeans had advantages. Their states and trading companies enabled the mobilization of both human and material resources. 

•  90 percent of the native American population was lost due to deaths caused by Europeans and African diseases. 

• Old world diseases: Smallpox, measles, typhus, influenza, and later, yellow fever. 

• Central Mexico had a population estimate of 10-20 million before the Spanish conquest. By 1650, there was an estimate of only 1 million. 

• During the smallpox pandemic, many were starved to death because they were not able to gather food

• Little Ice Age has many theories such as volcanic ash blocked the sun or, there was not as much solar irradiation. 

• Europeans and Africans brought plants and animals. 

• Wheat, rice, sugarcane, grapes, garden fruits, and vegetables. 

• horses, pigs, cattle, goats, sheep. 

• All the plants and animals grew wonderfully in the Americas. 

• American crops also traveled to the eastern hemisphere. (Corn potatoes, and cassava) 

•  In Europe, calories derived from corn and potatoes helped push human numbers from some 60 million in 1400 to 390 million in 1900 

• American stimulants such as tobacco and chocolate were soon used around the world. 

• Societies that developed within the American colonies drove the processes of globalization and reshaped the world economy of the early modern era. 

• Silver mines of Mexico and Peru fueled both the transatlantic and transpacific commerce. 

• Europeans bought Chinese tea, silk, and porcelain. 

• The Atlantic slave trade brought slaves to the colonies and worked in the sugar and cotton trade.

• The Spanish, Portuguese, British, and French not only conquered and governed, but they generated new societies born of the decimation of Native American populations and the introduction of European and African peoples, cultures, plants, and animals. 

• Mercantilism. 

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