Chapter 14 Pt. 1

• Europeans made their way into the ancient spice trade of the Indian Ocean 
• The silver that the Europeans collected from the Americas let them participate in the rich commerce of East Asia 
• Southeast Asians, Chinese, Indians, Armenians, Arabs, African Americans, and Native Americans played major roles in the making of the world economy during the early modern era 
• Vasco de Gama - Portuguese mariner - first Europeans to sail to India 
• Motivation for this - desire for tropical spices - cinnamon, nutmeg, mace, cloves, pepper. 
• other products were also used such as Chinese silk, Indian cotton, rhubarb for medicinal purposes, emeralds, rubies, and sapphires.
• In Spain, Portugal, England, and France were learning other ways to tax their subjects and build substantial military forces equipped with gunpowder weapons. 
• England, Netherlands, and Northern Italy became centers of international commerce giving birth to economies based on market exchange, private ownership, and the accumulation of capital for further investment.
• Spain was the first to challenge Portugal
• Spain made a colonial rule in the Philippines. 
• the Dutch and the English entered Indian trade commerce in the 17th century 
•  Japanese traders began operating in Southeast Asia. 
• Europeans were required to pay cash gold or silver for Asian spices or textiles. 
• Portuguese voyages along the West African coast were seeking access to African goldfields.
• Portuguese learned that merchants on the Indian ocean did not have canons on the ship therefore they had an advantage. 
• The major output wanted by the Spanish was that Christianity spread in Asia.  
• Women who played major roles as ritual specialists, healers, and midwives were now displaced by male Spanish priests and the ceremonial instruments of these women were defiled and disgraced. 
• people fled to manila. 
• Dutch and British involvement in the East India Companies.