Ch. 16 pt. 2

• Britain's loss of its North American colonies fueled its interest and interventions in Asia. This lead to colonization in India and the Opium Wars in China. 
• Napolean's brief conquest of Egypt opened the way for a modernizing regime to emerge in that ancient land and stimulated westernizing reforms in the ottoman empire. 
• Smaller revolutionary eruptions occurred in 1830, more widely in 1848, and in Paris in 1870. 
• Reflection upon: 
• Republicanism 
• Greater Social Equality 
• National Liberation from Foreign Rule 
• Unites States and Argentina enlarge their voting public and generally grant universal male suffrage. 
• Three Major movements arose to challenge continuing patterns of oppression or exclusion. 
• Abolitionists sought the end of slavery 
• Nationalists hoped to foster unity and independence from foreign rule 
• Feminists challenged male dominance.
• Roughly from 1780 to 1890, a transformation occurred in human affairs as slavery, widely practiced and little condemned since at least the beginning of civilization, lost its legitimacy and was largely ended. 
• To this secular antislavery thinking was added in increasingly vociferous religious voice, expressed first by Quakers and then by Protestant evangelicals in Britain and the United States. To them, it was repugnant and a crime. 
• England and New England were very prosperous regions of the western world and they both were based on free labor. 
• Slavery in this view was out of date and unnecessary in the new era of industrial technology and capitalism. 
• The Great Jamaica Revolt of 1831-1832 was particularly important in prompting Britain to abolish slavery throughout its empire in 1833. 
• Growing numbers of the British public came to believe that slavery was not only morally wrong it was also wrong economically. 
• In the late eighteenth century, such a movement gains wide support among middle and working-class people in Britain. 
• Frequent public meetings dramatically featured the testimony of Africans who had experienced the horrors of slavery firsthand. 
• In 1807, Britain forbade the sale of slaves within its empire and in 1834 emancipated those who remained enslaved.
• Latin American Countries abolished slavery by the 1850s.
• The United States was the only slaveholding society in which the end of slavery occurred through such a bitter, prolonged, and highly destructive civil war. 
• The understandable reluctance of former slaves to continue working in plantation agriculture created labor shortages and set in motion a huge new wave of global migration. 
• In West and East Africa, the closing of the external slave trade decreased the price of slaves and increased their use within African societies to produce the export crops that the world economy now sought.
• The Islamic world generated no popular grassroots antislavery movement. There slavery was outlawed gradually only in the twentieth century under the pressure of international opinion
• Migration to industrial cities or abroad diminished allegiance to local communities. 
• Printing and the publishing industry standardized a variety of dialects into a smaller number of European languages, a process that allowed a growing reading public to think of themselves as members of a common linguistic group or nation. 
• Conservatives used nationalism as a tool that could be used to combat socialism and feminism. 
• Women participated in events after the French Revolution so the french foundation could focus on the equality of men and women when building up the new France. 
• Women found more educational opportunities and some kind of freedom from household drudgery. 
• Women's Rights Convention in Seneca  Falls, in NY 1848. 
• Women were becoming radical as some would not take their husbands' last names or they would wear trousers. 
• By 1870, many were focusing on suffrage. 

Documents: 

1. The first depiction is nobility eating while peasants are in the background. Peasants were not allowed to hunt in the estate of nobility. It shows that the peasants were starting to take a stand for themselves and soon social rules and norms did not matter. 

2. The second image is powerful because it is a way of taking the reigns. The aristocrats were terrified and so were church officials. the third estate was take away the powerful tools used against them. 

3. No one from the second or first estate was safe from any kind of prosecution. Corruption was running deep therefore it was better to eliminate it. Like a plague of sorts. 

4. Evil is everywhere.